Employment Rates Research Articles

Retrospective Study of the Prevalence and Associated Factors of Gallbladder Polyps among Residents of Two Korean Cities

Background/Aims: Well-known risk factors for gallbladder polyps include metabolic syndrome, age, and dyslipidemia. Jeju Island is approximately 80 km from the Korean peninsula and is divided into two administrative regions (Jeju City and Seogwipo City), with Mount Halla intervening in the center. Jeju City has higher employment and birth rates than Seogwipo City. Age and alcohol consumption differ between the two regions, and these factors may affect the prevalence of gallbladder polyps (GBPs). Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of GBPs and compared various factors, including alcohol consumption habits and age, associated with GBPs among residents in the two regions. Methods: This study included 21,734 residents who visited the Health Screening and Promotion Center of Jeju National University Hospital between January 2009 and December 2019. We investigated the prevalence and associated factors of GBPs among residents of Jeju City and Seogwipo City. Results: The prevalence of GBPs in Jeju City and Seogwipo City was 9.8% and 8.9% (p = 0.043), respectively. The mean age and rate of high-risk alcohol intake were higher in Seogwipo City. The mean body mass index and levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase were lower in Jeju City. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significant difference in GBP prevalence between the two regions of Jeju Island. Age and alcohol consumption might contribute to this difference; however, further prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Employment Generation and Livelihood: Special Reference to MGNREGA Scheme in Ranchi District of Jharkhand

The purpose of this article is to explore the employment conditions of the people living in the Ranchi district of Jharkhand, examine the status of the implementation of MGNREGA scheme in the State and study the merits of MGNREGA and its effect on the livelihood of the state. The research study has been conducted in Ranchi district of Jharkhand. The timeline for the study is from the year 2019-2020 to 2023-2024. The study is based on both exploratory and descriptive research design. The secondary sources of data were used for obtaining information from the population on various aspects of MGNREGA. The researcher observed that the introduction of the MNREGA has not made any significant difference and change in the living conditions of people in the Ranchi district. It was also noted that the employment rate has declined over these years. There was a huge gap in the demand and supply of employment. However, the only positive aspect of the scheme was that it led to an increment in the engagement of women labour force in the Ranchi district.

Conflict, Inertia, and Phillips Curve from a Sraffian Standpoint

ABSTRACT The recent post-Keynesian debate on conflict inflation revolves around plausible magnitudes of the parameters of the standard model. We assess this debate by examining the economic meaning of the ‘bargaining’ and ‘indexation’ parameters, and proposing a reinterpretation in which the bargaining power is reflected in the relative frequency of wage and price increases in a period. Inflation then depends on the size of the inconsistent distributive claims and the absolute frequency of wage and price increases. Distribution depends on the relative frequency of such increases. From the latter we derive the real wage and profit resistance parameters, which determine the structural degree of inflation inertia. By adding the employment rate as a determinant of the desired real wage, we get a conflict-augmented Phillips curve. We show how different assumptions on the real resistance parameters affect the shape of the Phillips curve and the distributive outcomes in different conflict inflation models. A NAIRU occurs only when there is both full real wage and real profit resistance. Conflict generates inflation (not acceleration) with less extreme assumptions. The old-type conflict-augmented Phillips curve, with income distribution depending on the relative frequency of wage and price adjustments, is the most plausible case.

The Influence of Demographics and Workforce Innovation Opportunity Act (WIOA) Employment and Training Services on Employment Outcomes for Teenagers Receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Their Parents

Transition age youth with disabilities and their families can access a variety of Workforce Innovation Opportunity Act (WIOA)-funded employment and training services. This study evaluated the impact of these services on youth and parent employment outcomes. These services were coordinated as part of the Wisconsin Promoting Readiness of Minors in SSI (PROMISE) federal demonstration grant. Youth with disabilities receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits were randomly assigned to ‘usual’ services, including those available through school and vocational rehabilitation (VR) transition services, or ‘enhanced’ case management and transition services through the Wisconsin PROMISE demonstration. Parents who consented to participate could receive educational, employment, and financial self-sufficiency services and support through the Family Service Plan (FSP) connected to the youth’s PROMISE VR case. Youth and parents could also choose to receive WIOA Title I and Title III employment and training services, as well as Youth Apprenticeship, available through the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development’s Division of Employment and Training (DET). A hierarchical logistic regression analysis demonstrated that VR services predicted higher youth employment rates and DET services predicted higher youth and parent employment rates. A linear regression analysis demonstrated that PROMISE services predicted higher youth wages and DET services predicted higher youth and parent employment wages. Findings suggest the coordination of employment-focused services across programs leads to increases in employment outcomes. Limitations and implications are discussed regarding the relationship between VR services, DET employment and training services, and employment outcomes.

Relationship between employment and adaptive video gaming in individuals with physical disabilities

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess employment characteristics of individuals with physical disabilities who currently participate in adaptive gaming and determine if there is a positive association between adaptive gaming and employment. Materials and methods: A survey was administered to individuals with disabilities who currently use adaptive video gaming equipment to gather information on demographics, gaming habits, employment characteristics, and subjective benefits of gaming on employment. Results: The study included 606 participants. Over 57% of participants reported full-time or part-time employment. Nearly half of the participants reported using their equipment either most or all of the time to complete tasks related to work. Participants using their equipment to complete work tasks most or all of the time were more likely to be employed full-time (p = 0.0021). Over 75% of participants reported subjective benefits of adaptive video gaming on their employment. Conclusion: Participants in this study had higher rates of employment compared to national averages for individuals with physical disabilities. More frequent use of adaptive gaming equipment for work was associated with a higher likeliness of full-time employment. Most participants who were employed reported subjective benefits of adaptive gaming on employment through improvements in mental health, physical function, and cognition.

Sexisme bienveillant en entreprise : perceptions, impacts sur les projections de carrière et stratégies d’adaptation

<p>The workplace is not free from gender bias. In recent years, efforts to eradicate gender-based discriminatory behaviours at work have emerged (EIGE, 2021). However, a form of sexism still seems to be accepted because of its subjectively positive dimension: benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996). This qualitative study examines the perception of benevolent sexism among female civil engineers, its potential impact on their career projections, and the strategies used to cope with benevolent sexist micro-aggressions. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with seven female civil engineer participants. The interviews were then analysed according to the steps of the interpretative phenomenological analysis method (Smith, 1996), combining a vertical and a horizontal analysis. Our results show a low perception of benevolent sexism by the participants interviewed and a very limited effective impact on their career projections. Seven coping strategies emerged from the interviews: confronting, desensitizing, recontextualizing, seeking support, refocusing, taking collective action, and leaving the company. The results obtained in this research can be explained by a habituation to sexist behaviours during studies in a predominantly male field, the importance of the contextual elements, particularly the high rate of employability of these women, and the potential effectiveness of the coping strategies implemented. Two main purposes were identified in these coping strategies: acting directly on perpetrators in order to decrease discrimination frequency and intensity (resistance), and reducing the impact of sexist behaviours on the target without affecting perpetrators (resignation).</p>

Drivers of natural gas use in U.S. residential buildings.

Natural gas is the primary fuel used in U.S. residences, yet little is known about its consumption patterns and drivers. We use daily county-level gas consumption data to assess the spatial patterns of the relationships and the sensitivities of gas consumption to outdoor air temperature across U.S. households. We fitted linear-plus-plateau functions to daily gas consumption data in 1000 counties, and derived two key coefficients: the heating temperature threshold (Tcrit) and the gas consumption rate change per 1°C temperature drop (Slope). We identified the main predictors of Tcrit and Slope (like income, employment rate, and building type) using interpretable machine learning models built on census data. Finally, we estimated a potential 2.47 million MtCO2 annual emission reduction in U.S. residences by gas savings due to household insulation improvements and hypothetical behavioral change toward reduced consumption by adopting a 1°C lower Tcrit than the current value.

Regional Analysis of Gender Inequality in the Kazakh Labor Market in the Context of Sustainable Development

Kazakhstan demonstrates its commitment to promoting gender equality and works closely with the global community. Over the past decade, the gender gap in the structure of the labor force of the Republic of Kazakhstan has narrowed slightly. However, gender gaps persist. Women in Kazakhstan make up slightly more than half of the country’s total population. Still, their contribution to the republic’s economic performance, growth, and well-being is significantly below its potential. Access to the Republic’s gender statistics is essential and critical for studying and tracking changes in gender inequality. This article examines the gender dynamics of the labor market of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the macro and micro levels using a geographic information system (GIS). GIS tools provide display and analysis capabilities that are underutilized in workforce development, monitoring, and management. In this study, the authors tried to model spatial indicators of gender inequality in the labor market of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study results show that the employment rate and the level of women’s wages are primarily related to the gender segregation of vocational education, which lays the foundation for sectoral differentiation of employment with different geographical distributions. The greater competitiveness of women in the labor market of Kazakhstan is also hampered by the so-called “glass ceiling” or low accessibility to leadership positions. The wage gap between men and women in the republic has remained unchanged for a long time and shows no signs of reduction. In addition, such an important element of the labor market as unpaid domestic work, which is carried out mainly by women, remains unrecognized.

The Impact of Agricultural Productivity on Economic Growth in Africa

This study investigates the relationship between agricultural productivity and economic growth in five African countries: Tanzania, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, and South Africa. Secondary data from reputable sources are analyzed using statistical tests and regression models. The findings indicate that agriculture significantly contributes to Africa's economic growth. South Africa exhibits the highest agricultural productivity, followed by Morocco, Kenya, Ghana, and Tanzania. However, despite their agricultural strengths, South Africa and Morocco have relatively lower contributions to economic growth due to other factors like low employment rates. Ghana and Kenya show comparable performance, while Tanzania lags behind despite experiencing economic growth and having a high employment rate. It is emphasized that economic growth is influenced by various factors beyond agriculture, and countries with high agricultural productivity should diversify their economies and address other determinants of growth. Policy measures to strengthen the agricultural sector and promote diversification are crucial for sustainable economic development in Africa.

Prediction algorithms in matching platforms

AbstractWe follow the future trajectory of more targeted wage formation in labor matching platforms, such as freelancing, crowd-sourcing, home-delivery, and ride-hailing, where local job search is coordinated by improving prediction algorithms. A labor matching platform is modelled as a directed search and matching market. We observe that targeted wage setting promotes efficient matching and longer employment spells. However, because a higher employment rate accentuates any disparities between available workers and vacancies, the effects of targeted wage setting on firm competition depend on prevailing market tightness. The impact of targeted wage formation on workers is positive when the vacancy-to-worker ratio is intermediate but turns negative at both extremes. Our results suggest that targeted wage setting may benefit occasional workers while potentially posing drawbacks for full-time platform workers.

Statistical analysis of factors influencing the level of employment

Employment is an important indicator characterizing the overall functioning of the country’s economy. The most commonly analyzed indicators in the study of employment are the employment rate and the unemployment rate. A high unemployment rate may indicate an insufficient number of workplaces in the economy or the presence of a significant proportion of the population unable to work. Depending on the cause of unemployment, appropriate measures should be taken to stimulate job growth or support social programs. It is important to understand what factors can influence employment. Therefore, this paper examines the relationship between employment and economic, social and demographic factors, including GDP, average wages and migration. Economic statistics methods are used to estimate employment.

Gender-role attitudes of university students: a cross-sectional study from Turkiye

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the gender-role attitudes of the students studying in the first year of different faculties of the same university and the factors that may be related to these attitudes.
 Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 1080 students studying in the first year of five different faculties of the same university. The data were collected by face-to-face interview method using a questionnaire including “Gender-Roles Attitude Scale (GRAS)” and sociodemographic characteristics of the students. In the analysis of the data, frequency, percentage and mean values were used for descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square, one-way ANOVA test and T-Test were used for comparative analysis.
 Results: The mean GRAS score of the students was 147.70±27.77. Medical students had the highest GRAS score while the students of Faculty of Theology had the lowest. While the GRAS scores of the students who were female, whose mother was higher education graduated, and who was a member of a nuclear family were higher, the GRAS scores were lower for those with low economic status and whose only mother or father was the decision maker in their family.
 Conclusion: Increasing the education levels and employment rates of women will contribute to the development of egalitarian gender-role attitudes of individuals. In order to reveal the effect of religion on gender roles more clearly, there is a need for new studies that will enable more detailed analyzes to be made.

GREECE vs. SPAIN: Similarities and Differences in the Evolution of Unemployment in the 21st Century

Unemployment is one of the main problems facing today's economies. In the context of the European Union, it is the Mediterranean economies that have traditionally shown a less favorable evolution of unemployment. This paper presents an explanatory model of the evolution of unemployment in two of these Mediterranean economies, Greece, and Spain, since the launching of the European Monetary Union. These were two of the European economies hardest hit by the Great Recession of 2008 and subsequently by the pandemic in 2020, so it is interesting to study which economic factors would explain the evolution of their unemployment rates. For this purpose, economic variables such as GDP pc, the output gap, investment, deficit, the employment rate by educational levels, inflation, labour productivity, labour force and public spending as a percentage of GDP. On the other hand, it is interesting to note to what extent Greece and Spain have or have not shown similar patterns of behavior of their labour markets so far this century, and what kind of economic policy measures could be put in place to ensure that both countries cease to have one of the highest unemployment rates in the EU. Finally, it will be analyzed how they have been affected by the Great Recession and the covid health crisis. Keywords: unemployment rate, macroeconomic variables, labour market policies, Great Recession, COVID-19

Can Minimum Wages Effectively Reduce Poverty under Low Compliance? A Case Study from the Agricultural Sector in South Africa

ABSTRACT What were the effects of a 52 per cent increase in the minimum wage in the agricultural sector in South Africa in 2013? We estimate the short run effects of this policy change on the income, employment, and poverty rate of farmworkers, using individual-level panel data from the Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFS). Before the implementation date, 90 per cent of farmworkers were paid below the new minimum wage level. We find that the wage gain of farmworkers is strongly quadratically related to pre-implementation wages, suggesting lower compliance as the gap between the minimum and the pre-implementation wage increases. We estimate that farmworkers received a median wage increase of 9 per cent as a result of the policy, and we find no evidence of job losses. Overall, farmworkers were 7 per cent less likely to have household income per person below the poverty line. One possible explanation for these outcomes is that endogenous compliance may mitigate against unemployment effects. While the minimum wage literature is large, our paper adds to the small subset of this literature on large increases, partial compliance, and poverty effects.

Beyond the Degree: Gendered Outcomes for BSBA Marketing Management Graduates

This study describes the profile, educational experiences, number of employed, career preparation, and employment data of the BSBA Marketing Management graduates from the College of Business, Economics, and Accountancy at Mariano Marcos State University City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, from 2013-2014 to 2017-2018, using gender-based analysis. Through descriptive research methods and adapting the CHED-Graduate Tracer Study survey questionnaire, data was collected from a random sample of 209 graduates, representing 37.59% of the total BSBA Marketing Management graduates. The findings reveal a higher percentage of female graduates, the majority are single and from Region 1. Male and female graduates were primarily driven by the desire for immediate employment opportunities. Although females performed better in academic honors, males tended to receive more non-academic awards. The study emphasizes high employment rates among BSBA Marketing Management graduates, emphasizing the program's efficiency in imparting job-related skills. Career preparation strategies, such as walk-in applications and internships, proved effective for both genders, with males prioritizing special skills and females focusing on career challenges. Employment data indicates a balanced distribution across employment status and industries, although there are slight variations in preferences between genders. Recommendations include curriculum diversification, ensuring gender equality in awards, enhancing internship programs, promoting ongoing learning, addressing gender disparities, facilitating networking opportunities, and continuous program evaluation.

Tracing Rwandan TVET Graduates’ Competences and Employability with their Potential Employers’ Satisfaction

The government of Rwanda set its development agenda with a focus on transforming the country from a predominantly agrarian to a knowledge-based and service-driven economy by the year 2020. The role of WDA in strengthening linkages between education and employment is imperative for sustainable economic development. However, the relationship between education and employment cannot be ascertained without conducting a tracer study. It’s against this background that a tracer study about the employment status of TVET graduates across the trades/ disciplines was needed to assess their employability and the employers’ levels of satisfaction with the graduates’ competencies in the various agencies where the latter are employed, an in-depth assessment of how graduates assess themselves concerning the relevance and quality of their training and the labor market demands and research-based recommendations on what curriculum changes TVET institutions could be adapted to enhance the competence and employability level of the TVET graduates. We found that the employment rate of IBT graduates was quite impressive, as 70.1% of the graduates were employed, and the average earning per month was 63,592 Rwf. In addition, findings reveal that most respondents (64.9%) reported having spent less or equal to 3 months before they got employment, 14.4% indicated 4-6 months, and 15.2% reported 7-12 months. Regarding employer satisfaction of IBT graduates, competencies, 90.6% noted that they were delighted with the graduates’ work. This directly implies their level of performance on the job. However, some of the following challenges were highlighted. These included high student-teacher ratios, insufficient time for training, lack of meaningful network, and lack of job-related information and opportunities for further training.

패널 고정효과모형을 활용한 사회맞춤형 산학협력 선도대학(LINC+) 사업의 효과성 분석

This study used a panel fixed-effects model to analyze the effectiveness of the LINC+ project, focusing on key industry-academia-related education-related performance indicators and industry-academia cooperation outcome indicators. Through this, the purpose is to derive policy implications for the effective promotion of local government-centered industry-academia-research cooperation projects after the RISE transition. The panel fixed effects model analysis to analyze the effectiveness of the LINC+ project was analyzed by analyzing the treatment effect according to participation in the LINC+ project and the treatment intensity effect according to the size of the project cost, and was further analyzed by controlling the annual trend line and university characteristics. . In this model, the treatment effect analysis model is a model that verifies the performance between participating and non-participating universities by inserting a dummy variable for project participation, and the treatment intensity effect analysis model is a model that takes the logarithm of the support amount for each university and inputs it to participate in the project. This is a model that confirms the effectiveness of projects depending on the size of inter-university support funds. As a result of analyzing the effectiveness of the project between participating and non-participating universities through a panel fixed effects model, the performance indicators that have a static effect on project participation and project costs are the ratio of students completing capstone design and technology transfer per full-time faculty member. It appeared as an import fee. On the other hand, performance indicators that had a negative effect on project participation and project expenses were domestic research performance, employment rate, and proportion of students completing 4 weeks of field training. Based on the above analysis results, future RISE plans to continuously improve and advance the performance of industry-academia-research cooperation are as follows. First, there is a need to encourage problem-solving, industry-academia-linked curriculum such as Capstone Design to be actively reflected in the RISE project in the future. Second, each local government needs to prepare support measures to increase technology transfer fees, which is a representative result of value creation through industry-academia cooperation under RISE. Third, institutional support should be strengthened so that local governments, local companies, and local universities can discover various field training institutions through close collaboration and receive substantial field training for more than 12 weeks. Lastly, for a more rigorous analysis of the employment rate of the LINC+ project, it is necessary to analyze the effectiveness of the project only for departments participating in the LINC+ project.

Alignment of vocational education curricula with job requirements in industrial sector: Analysis study

Many technical and vocational education institutions suffer from weak outcomes represented in qualifying their graduates to keep pace with the requirements of the industrial sector, and the negative impact on employment rates. This research has presented a way to link the training programs and curricula with the requirements of the industrial sector for the category of technicians and plant operators. By verifying the announced technical requirements for the jobs of technicians and plant operators in industrial companies with the outputs of courses and training programs in technical and vocational education institutions, as an example of this in the Jubail Technical Institute. In this article, a sample of (50) job advertisements for jobs of technicians and plant operators were used in order to extract the most required important technical skills. For this purpose, several tools and methods were used, such as text mining using the program in https://voyant-tools.org, in addition to Excel. Critical to Quality Tree was also used to clarify the importance of the technical skills required by the industrial sector. In addition, the cause and effect matrix which was used to link and evaluate the impact of training courses on the required technical skills. The article reached specific results, including extracting three of the most important skills required and declared for jobs in the technicians and plant operators and linking them with the training courses in the training program for plant operators. The impact of each training course on the required skills in the labor market, which facilitates the work of developing training courses to keep pace with the continuous improvement in the requirements of the labor markets for skills of the announced jobs.

지방정부 장애인 공무원 고용의 영향요인에 관한 연구

This study aims to identify the factors influencing the employment of disabled civil servants within local government settings, with the goal of promoting the inclusion of disabled individuals, a socially vulnerable group, and to emphasize the government’s role as an exemplary employer. The research analyses the employment status of disabled civil servants from 2019 to 2021 across 226 basic local governments nationwide. It investigates various factors impacting the employment rate of disabled civil servants in these local governments, as well as their compliance with mandatory employment regulations for disabled civil servants. The independent variables include legal and institutional factors, normative factors, political factors, and social and economic factors. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the enactment of the Ordinance on Convenience Support for disabled civil servants, which is a legal and institutional factor, and the size of registered disabled people, which is a social factor, had a positive effect on both the employment rate of disabled civil servants and compliance with mandatory employment of disabled civil servants. The implementation of the employment surcharge system was found to have a negative impact on the employment rate of disabled civil servants. On the other hand, the organization of policy consumers, which is a social factor, the political inclination of the head of the organization, which is a political factor, and the budget to support vulnerable groups, which is an economic factor, were found to have no significant effect on the employment rate of disabled civil servants and compliance with mandatory employment of disabled civil servants.

Does Entrepreneurship Education Deliver? A Review of Entrepreneurship Education University Programmes in the UK

The student is a consumer of education and is motivated by their graduate outcomes. Entrepreneurship provides the opportunity for substantially greater graduate outcomes, but does it deliver? This paper reviews the undergraduate bachelor Entrepreneurship Education Programmes (EEPs) offered by universities in the UK. It explores the active and engaged approaches to learning through the module themes offered and considers the challenges of using routinely collected data to understand the impact of these programmes. By using data which is publicly available, we build a national viewpoint on the subjects that lead to greater continuation, student satisfaction and earning potential. The results of this study provide five key insights about EEPs. First, they focus mainly on entrepreneurship but lack a high proportion of entrepreneurship-specific modules. Comparative analysis with other disciplines is needed for context. Second, the number of entrepreneurship modules generally increases throughout the programme, but researchers face challenges such as ambiguous module naming. Third, EEP students show lower satisfaction than those studying for other business degrees, indicating a potential impact of unique pedagogies. Fourth, higher EEP continuation rates are not evident, although this may be mitigated by more selective entry requirements. Finally, EEP graduates have higher employability rates than their business degree counterparts but lower initial earnings, reflecting their entrepreneurial career paths. From this work, we identified a range of calls for further research and suggestions for practice.